![]() ![]() ![]() History Īfter 36.Kc3, Black is in zugzwang, since they must move their rook away from their king. The term did not become common in English-language chess sources until the 1930s, after the publication of the English translation of Nimzowitsch's My System in 1929. The earliest known use of the term zugzwang in English was on page 166 of the February 1905 issue of Lasker's Chess Magazine. When a perceived example of zugzwang occurred in the third game of the 1896–97 world championship match between Steinitz and Lasker, after 34.Rg8, the Deutsche Schachzeitung (December 1896, page 368) reported that "White has died of zugzwang". Friedrich Amelung employed the terms Zugzwang, Tempozwang and Tempozugzwang on pages 257–259 of the September 1896 issue of the same magazine. Pages 353–358 of the September 1858 Deutsche Schachzeitung had an unsigned article "Zugzwang, Zugwahl und Privilegien". Over time, the term became especially associated with chess.Īccording to chess historian Edward Winter, the term had been in use in German chess circles in the 19th century. Games like chess and checkers have "zugzwang" (or "zugpflicht"): a player must always make a move on their turn even if this is to their disadvantage. Originally the term was used interchangeably with the term Zugpflicht 'obligation to make a move' as a general game rule. ![]() The word comes from German Zug 'move' + Zwang 'compulsion', so that Zugzwang means 'being forced to make a move'. According to John Nunn, positions of reciprocal zugzwang are surprisingly important in the analysis of endgames. Positions with zugzwang occur fairly often in chess endgames, especially in king and pawn endgames. International chess notation uses the symbol " ⊙" to indicate a zugzwang position. The concept of zugzwang was known to chess players many centuries before the term was coined, appearing in an endgame study published in 1604 by Alessandro Salvio, one of the first writers on the game, and in shatranj studies dating back to the early 9th century, over 1000 years before the first known use of the term. The term zugzwang was used in German chess literature in 1858 or earlier, and the first known use of the term in English was by World Champion Emanuel Lasker in 1905. More generally, the term can also be used to describe a situation where the none of the available options lead to a good outcome. Putting the opponent in zugzwang is a common way to help the superior side win a game, and in some cases it is necessary in order to make the win possible. Īlthough the term is used less precisely in games such as chess, it is used specifically in combinatorial game theory to denote a move that directly changes the outcome of the game from a win to a loss. Zugzwang (German for "compulsion to move", pronounced ) is a situation found in chess and other turn-based games wherein one player is put at a disadvantage because of their obligation to make a move a player is said to be "in zugzwang" when any legal move will worsen their position. For other uses, see Zugzwang (disambiguation). For the musical work, see Zugzwang (musical work). ![]()
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